Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: a pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

Bin Zhou (1, 2) , James Bentham (3) , Mariachiara Di Cesare (4) , Honor Bixby (2) , Kaveh Hajifathalian (5) , Cristina Taddei (2) , Rodrigo Carrillo-Larco (6) , Shahab Khatibzadeh (7) , Charles Lugero (8) , Wan Zhu Zhang , James Bennett (9) , Ver Bilano (2) , Gretchen Stevens , Melanie Cowan (10) , Leanne Riley (10) , Andre Pascal Kengne , Maroje Sorić , Majid Ezzati , Leandra Abarca-Gómez , Ziad Abdeen (11) , Niveen Abu-Rmeileh , Benjamin Acosta-Cazares , Robert Adams (12) , Wichai Aekplakorn , Kaosar Afsana , Carlos Aguilar-Salinas (13) , Charles Agyemang , Noor Ani Ahmad , Alireza Ahmadvand , Wolfgang Ahrens (14) , Kamel Ajlouni , Nazgul Akhtaeva , Rajaa Al-Raddadi , Mohamed Ali , Osman Ali (15) , Ala'A Alkerwi , Eman Aly , Deepak Amarapurkar , Philippe Amouyel (16) , Antoinette Amuzu , Lars Bo Andersen , Sigmund Anderssen , Lars Angquist (17) , Ranjit Mohan Anjana , Daniel Ansong (18) , Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri , Joana Araújo , Inger Ariansen , Tahir Aris , Nimmathota Arlappa , Dominique Arveiler (19) , Krishna Aryal , Thor Aspelund (20) , Felix Assah , Maria Cecília F Assunção , Mária Avdicová , Ana Azevedo (21) , Fereidoun Azizi , Bontha Babu , Suhad Bahijri , Nagalla Balakrishna , Mohamed Bamoshmoosh , Maciej Banach (22) , Piotr Bandosz , José Banegas (23) , Carlo Barbagallo , Alberto Barceló , Amina Barkat , Aluisio Barros , Mauro Barros , Iqbal Bata , Anwar Batieha , Assembekov Batyrbek , Louise Baur , Robert Beaglehole , Habiba Ben Romdhane (24) , Mikhail Benet , Lowell Benson , Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz , Gailute Bernotiene , Heloisa Bettiol , Aroor Bhagyalaxmi , Sumit Bharadwaj , Santosh Bhargava (25) , Yufang Bi , Mukharram Bikbov (26) , Bihungum Bista , Peter Bjerregaard (27) , Espen Bjertness , Marius Bjertness , Cecilia Björkelund , Anneke Blokstra , Simona Bo , Martin Bobak (9) , Heiner Boeing (28) , Jose Boggia , Carlos Boissonnet , Vanina Bongard (29) , Rossana Borchini , Pascal Bovet (30) , Lutgart Braeckman , Imperia Brajkovich , Francesco Branca , Juergen Breckenkamp , Hermann Brenner (31) , Lizzy Brewster , Graziella Bruno (32) , H B(as) Bueno-De-Mesquita , Anna Bugge , Con Burns , Michael Bursztyn , Antonio Cabrera de León , Joseph Cacciottolo , Hui Cai (33) , Christine Cameron , Günay Can , Ana Paula C Cândido , Vincenzo Capuano , Viviane Cardoso , Axel Carlsson , Maria Carvalho (34) , Felipe Casanueva , Juan-Pablo Casas , Carmelo Caserta , Snehalatha Chamukuttan , Angelique Chan , Queenie Chan , Himanshu Chaturvedi , Nishi Chaturvedi , Chien-Jen Chen , Fangfang Chen , Huashuai Chen , Shuohua Chen , Zhengming Chen (35) , Ching-Yu Cheng , Imane Cherkaoui Dekkaki , Angela Chetrit (36) , Arnaud Chiolero , Shu-Ti Chiou , Adela Chirita-Emandi , María-Dolores Chirlaque (37) , Belong Cho , Yumi Cho , Diego Christofaro , Jerzy Chudek , Renata Cífková (38) , Eliza Cinteza , Frank Claessens (39) , Els Clays (40) , Hans Concin , Cyrus Cooper (41) , Rachel Cooper , Tara Coppinger , Simona Costanzo , Dominique Cottel (42) , Chris Cowell , Cora Craig , Ana Crujeiras , Juan Cruz , Graziella d'Arrigo , Eleonora d'Orsi , Jean Dallongeville (42) , Albertino Damasceno , Goodarz Danaei , Rachel Dankner , Thomas Dantoft , Luc Dauchet , Kairat Davletov , Guy de Backer , Dirk de Bacquer , Giovanni de Gaetano , Stefaan de Henauw , Paula Duarte de Oliveira , Delphine de Smedt , Mohan Deepa , Abbas Dehghan , Hélène Delisle , Valérie Deschamps , Klodian Dhana , Augusto Di Castelnuovo , Juvenal Soares Dias-Da-Costa , Alejandro Diaz , Ty Dickerson , Shirin Djalalinia , Ha Do , Chiara Donfrancesco , Silvana Donoso , Angela Döring (43) , Maria Dorobantu , Kouamelan Doua , Wojciech Drygas , Virginija Dulskiene , Aleksandar Džakula , Vilnis Dzerve , Elzbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk , Robert Eggertsen (44) , Ulf Ekelund (45) , Jalila El Ati (46) , Paul I P Elliott (47) , Roberto Elosua (48) , Rajiv Erasmus , Cihangir Erem , Louise Eriksen , Johan Eriksson (49) , Jorge Escobedo-de La Peña , Alun Evans (50) , David Faeh , Caroline Fall (51) , Farshad Farzadfar , Francisco Felix-Redondo , Trevor Ferguson , Romulo Fernandes , Daniel Fernández-Bergés , Daniel Ferrante , Marika Ferrari (52) , Catterina Ferreccio , Jean Ferrières (53) , Joseph Finn , Krista Fischer (54) , Bernhard Föger (55) , Leng Huat Foo , Ann-Sofie Forslund , Maria Forsner , Heba Fouad , Damian Francis , Maria Do Carmo Franco , Oscar Franco (56) , Guillermo Frontera , Flavio Fuchs , Sandra Fuchs (57) , Yuki Fujita , Takuro Furusawa , Zbigniew Gaciong , Fabio Galvano , Manoli Garcia-De-La-Hera , Dickman Gareta , Sarah Garnett , Jean-Michel Gaspoz , Magda Gasull , Louise Gates , Johanna Geleijnse , Anoosheh Ghasemian , Anup Ghimire , Simona Giampaoli , Francesco Gianfagna , Tiffany Gill , Jonathan Giovannelli , Rebecca Goldsmith , Helen Gonçalves , Marcela Gonzalez-Gross , Juan González-Rivas , Mariano Bonet Gorbea , Frederic Gottrand (58) , Sidsel Graff-Iversen , Dušan Grafnetter , Aneta Grajda , Maria Grammatikopoulou , Ronald Gregor , Tomasz Grodzicki , Anders Grøntved (59) , Giuseppe Grosso , Gabriella Gruden , Vera Grujic , Dongfeng Gu , Ong Peng Guan , Elias Gudmundsson , Vilmundur Gudnason (60) , Ramiro Guerrero (61) , Idris Guessous (62) , Andre Guimaraes , Martin Gulliford , Johanna Gunnlaugsdottir , Marc Gunter , Prakash Gupta , Rajeev Gupta (63) , Oye Gureje (64) , Beata Gurzkowska , Laura Gutierrez , Felix Gutzwiller , Farzad Hadaegh , Jytte Halkjær (65) , Ian Hambleton (66) , Rebecca Hardy (67) , Rachakulla Hari Kumar , Jun Hata (68) , Alison Hayes , Jiang He , Yuna He , Marleen Elisabeth , Ana Henriques , Leticia Hernandez Cadena , Sauli Herrala , Ramin Heshmat , Ilpo Tapani Hihtaniemi , Sai Yin Ho , Suzanne Ho , Michael Hobbs (69) , Albert Hofman (70) , Gonul Horasan Dinc , Andrea Horimoto , Claudia Hormiga , Bernardo Horta , Leila Houti (71) , Christina Howitt , Thein Thein Htay , Aung Soe Htet , Maung Maung Than Htike , Yonghua Hu , José María Huerta (72) , Martijn Huisman (73) , Abdullatif Husseini , Inge Huybrechts (74) , Nahla Hwalla (75) , Licia Iacoviello , Anna Iannone , Mohsen Ibrahim , Norazizah Ibrahim Wong , Nayu Ikeda , M Arfan Ikram (70) , Vilma Irazola , Muhammad Nazrul Islam (76) , Aziz Al-Safi Ismail , Vanja Ivkovic , Masanori Iwasaki , Rod Jackson , Jeremy Jacobs , Hashem Jaddou , Tazeen Jafar , Konrad Jamrozik , Imre Janszky (77) , Grazyna Jasienska , Ana Jelaković , Bojan Jelaković , Garry Jennings , Seung-Lyeal Jeong , Chao Qiang Jiang , Michel Joffres , Mattias Johansson (78) , Jari Jokelainen , Jost Jonas (79) , Torben Jørgensen (80) , Pradeep Joshi , Jacek Jóźwiak , Anne Juolevi , Gregor Jurak (81) , Vesna Jureša , Rudolf Kaaks (82) , Anthony Kafatos (83) , Eero Kajantie , Ofra Kalter-Leibovici , Nor Azmi Kamaruddin , Khem Karki , Amir Kasaeian , Joanne Katz , Jussi Kauhanen (84) , Prabhdeep Kaur , Maryam Kavousi , Gyulli Kazakbaeva , Ulrich Keil (85) , Lital Keinan Boker , Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi , Roya Kelishadi , Han Kemper , Andre Kengne , Alina Kerimkulova , Mathilde Kersting (86) , Timothy Key (87) , Yousef Saleh Khader , Davood Khalili , Young-Ho Khang , Mohammad Khateeb , Kay-Tee Khaw (88) , Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer , Stefan Kiechl , Japhet Killewo , Jeongseon Kim , Yeon-Yong Kim , Jurate Klumbiene , Michael Knoflach , Elin Kolle , Patrick Kolsteren (89) , Paul Korrovits , Seppo Koskinen (90) , Katsuyasu Kouda , Sudhir Kowlessur , Slawomir Koziel , Susi Kriemler , Peter Lund Kristensen , Steinar Krokstad , Daan Kromhout (91) , Herculina Kruger , Ruzena Kubinova (92) , Renata Kuciene , Diana Kuh (67) , Urho Kujala , Zbigniew Kulaga , R Krishna Kumar , Pawel Kurjata , Yadlapalli Kusuma , Kari Kuulasmaa , Catherine Kyobutungi , Tiina Laatikainen , Carl Lachat , Tai Hing Lam (93) , Orlando Landrove , Vera Lanska , Georg Lappas , Bagher Larijani (94) , Lars Laugsand , Avula Laxmaiah , Khanh Le Nguyen Bao , Tuyen Le , Catherine Leclercq (95) , Jeannette Lee (96) , Jeonghee Lee , Terho Lehtimäki (97) , Luz León-Muñoz , Naomi Levitt , Yanping Li , Christa Lilly , Wei-Yen Lim , M Fernanda Lima-Costa , Hsien-Ho Lin , Xu Lin (98) , Lars Lind (99) , Allan Linneberg (80) , Lauren Lissner (100) , Mieczyslaw Litwin , Jing Liu (101) , Roberto Lorbeer , Paulo Lotufo , José Eugenio Lozano , Dalia Luksiene , Annamari Lundqvist , Nuno Lunet (102) , Per Lytsy , Guansheng Ma , Jun Ma , George Machado-Coelho , Suka Machi , Stefania Maggi (103) , Dianna J. Magliano (104) , Emmanuella Magriplis , Marjeta Majer , Marcia Makdisse , Reza Malekzadeh (94) , Rahul Malhotra , Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao , Sofia Malyutina (105) , Yannis Manios (106) , Jim Mann , Enzo Manzato , Paula Margozzini , Pedro Marques-Vidal (30) , Larissa Pruner Marques , Jaume Marrugat , Reynaldo Martorell (107) , Ellisiv Mathiesen , Alicia Matijasevich , Tandi Matsha , Jean Claude N Mbanya , Anselmo Mc Donald Posso , Shelly Mcfarlane , Stephen Mcgarvey , Stela Mclachlan , Rachael Mclean , Scott Mclean , Breige Mcnulty , Sounnia Mediene-Benchekor (108) , Jurate Medzioniene , Aline Meirhaeghe (109) , Christa Meisinger , Ana Maria B Menezes , Geetha Menon , Indrapal Meshram , Andres Metspalu (110) , Haakon Meyer , Jie Mi , Kairit Mikkel , Jody Miller , Cláudia Minderico , Juan Francisco , J Jaime Miranda , Erkin Mirrakhimov , Marjeta Mišigoj-Durakovic , Pietro Modesti , Mostafa Mohamed (111) , Kazem Mohammad , Noushin Mohammadifard , Viswanathan Mohan , Salim Mohanna (6) , Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff , Line Møllehave , Niels Møller , Dénes Molnár (112) , Amirabbas Momenan , Charles Mondo , Kotsedi Daniel K Monyeki , Jin Soo Moon , Leila Moreira , Alain Morejon , Luis Moreno , Karen Morgan , George Moschonis (106) , Malgorzata Mossakowska , Aya Mostafa (113) , Jorge Mota (114) , Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh , Jorge Motta , Kelias Msyamboza , Thet Thet Mu , Maria Muiesan , Martina Müller-Nurasyid , Neil Murphy (115) , Jaakko Mursu , Vera Musil , Iraj Nabipour (116) , Gabriele Nagel (117) , Balkish Naidu , Harunobu Nakamura , Jana Námešná , Ei Ei K Nang , Vinay Nangia , Sameer Narake , Matthias Nauck , Eva Maria Navarrete-Muñoz , Ndeye Coumba Ndiaye , William Neal , Ilona Nenko , Martin Neovius , Flavio Nervi , Hannelore Neuhauser (118) , Chung Nguyen , Nguyen Nguyen , Quang Ngoc Nguyen , Quang Nguyen , Ramfis Nieto-Martínez , Teemu Niiranen , Guang Ning , Toshiharu Ninomiya , Sania Nishtar (119) , Marianna Noale , Oscar Noboa , Ahmad Ali Noorbala , Teresa Norat (2) , Davide Noto (120) , Mohannad Al Nsour , Dermot O'Reilly , Eiji Oda , Glenn Oehlers , Kyungwon Oh , Kumiko Ohara , Maria Teresa A Olinto , Isabel Oliveira , Mohd Azahadi Omar , Altan Onat , Sok King Ong , Lariane Ono , Pedro Ordunez , Rui Ornelas , Clive Osmond (121) , Sergej Ostojic , Afshin Ostovar , Johanna Otero , Kim Overvad (122) , Ellis Owusu-Dabo (123) , Fred Michel Paccaud , Cristina Padez , Elena Pahomova , Andrzej Pajak (124) , Domenico Palli (125) , Luigi Palmieri (126) , Wen-Harn Pan , Songhomitra Panda-Jonas (127) , Francesco Panza (128) , Dimitrios Papandreou , Soon-Woo Park , Winsome Parnell , Mahboubeh Parsaeian , Nikhil Patel (129) , Ivan Pecin , Mangesh Pednekar , Nasheeta Peer , Petra H. M. Peeters (130) , Sergio Viana Peixoto , Markku Peltonen , Alexandre Pereira (131) , Annette Peters (132) , Astrid Petersmann (133) , Janina Petkeviciene , Niloofar Peykari , Son Thai Pham , Iris Pigeot (14) , Hynek Pikhart (9) , Aida Pilav , Lorenza Pilotto , Freda Pitakaka , Aleksandra Piwonska , Pedro Plans-Rubió , Ozren Polašek (134) , Miquel Porta (135) , Marileen Portegies , Akram Pourshams (94) , Hossein Poustchi , Rajendra Pradeepa , Mathur Prashant , Jacqueline Price , Jardena Puder , Maria Puiu (136) , Margus Punab (137) , Radwan Qasrawi , Mostafa Qorbani , Tran Quoc Bao , Ivana Radic , Ricardas Radisauskas , Mahfuzar Rahman , Olli Raitakari (138) , Manu Raj , Sudha Ramachandra Rao , Ambady Ramachandran , Elisabete Ramos (139) , Lekhraj Rampal , Sanjay Rampal , Daniel Rangel Reina , Josep Redon , Paul Ferdinand M Reganit , Robespierre Ribeiro , Elio Riboli (140) , Fernando Rigo , Tobias Rinke de Wit , Raphael Ritti-Dias , Sian Robinson , Cynthia Robitaille , Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo (23) , María del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez , Laura Rodríguez-Villamizar , Rosalba Rojas-Martinez , Dora Romaguera (141) , Kimmo Ronkainen , Annika Rosengren (142) , Joel Roy , Adolfo Rubinstein , Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt , Marcin Rutkowski , Charumathi Sabanayagam , Harshpal Sachdev , Olfa Saidi , Sibel Sakarya , Benoît Salanave (143) , Eduardo Salazar Martinez , Diego Salmeron (144) , Veikko Salomaa (145) , Jukka Salonen , Massimo Salvetti , Jose Sánchez-Abanto , Susana Sans , Diana Santos , Ina Santos , Renata Nunes dos Santos , Rute Santos , Jouko Saramies , Luis Sardinha , Giselle Sarganas , Nizal Sarrafzadegan , Kai-Uwe Saum , Savvas Savva , Marcia Scazufca (146) , Herman Schargrodsky , Sabine Schipf , Carsten Schmidt , Ben Schöttker (147) , Constance Schultsz (148) , Aletta Schutte , Aye Aye Sein , Abhijit Sen (149) , Idowu Senbanjo , Sadaf Sepanlou , Sanjib Sharma , Jonathan E. Shaw (104) , Kenji Shibuya , Dong Wook Shin , Youchan Shin , Khairil Si-Ramlee , Rosalynn Siantar , Abla Sibai , Diego Augusto Santos Silva , Mary Simon , Judith Simons , Leon Simons , Michael Sjöström (150) , Sine Skovbjerg , Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer (151) , Przemyslaw Slusarczyk , Liam Smeeth (66) , Margaret Smith , Marieke Snijder (152) , Hung-Kwan So , Eugène Sobngwi (153) , Stefan Söderberg , Vincenzo Solfrizzi (128) , Emily Sonestedt (154) , Yi Song (155) , Thorkild I. A. Sørensen (156) , Maroje Soric , Charles Sossa Jérome , Aïcha Soumaré (157) , Jan Staessen (158) , Gregor Starc , Maria Stathopoulou (159) , Bill Stavreski , Jostein Steene-Johannessen , Peter Stehle (160) , Aryeh Stein , George Stergiou , Jochanan Stessman , Jutta Stieber , Doris Stöckl , Tanja Stocks (161) , Jakub Stokwiszewski , Karien Stronks (162) , Maria Wany Strufaldi , Chien-An Sun , Johan Sundström (163) , Yn-Tz Sung , Paibul Suriyawongpaisal , Rody Sy , E Shyong Tai , Mari-Liis Tammesoo , Abdonas Tamosiunas , Eng Joo Tan , Xun Tang , Frank Tanser (164) , Yong Tao , Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh , Carolina Tarqui-Mamani , Oana-Florentina Tautu , Anne Taylor (12) , Holger Theobald (165) , Xenophon Theodoridis , Lutgarde Thijs (166) , Betina Thuesen , Anne Tjonneland (167) , Hanna Tolonen (168) , Janne Tolstrup , Murat Topbas , Roman Topór-Madry , María José Tormo , Maties Torrent , Pierre Traissac (169) , Dimitrios Trichopoulos (170) , Antonia Trichopoulou (171) , Oanh Trinh , Atul Trivedi , Lechaba Tshepo , Marshall Tulloch-Reid , Fikru Tullu , Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen (172) , Jaakko Tuomilehto (173) , Maria Turley , Per Tynelius , Christophe Tzourio (157) , Peter Ueda , Eunice Ugel , Hanno Ulmer (55) , Hannu Uusitalo (174) , Gonzalo Valdivia , Damaskini Valvi , Yvonne van Der Schouw (175) , Koen van Herck , Hoang van Minh , Lenie van Rossem , Natasja van Schoor , Irene van Valkengoed (176) , Dirk Vanderschueren (177) , Diego Vanuzzo , Lars Vatten (178) , Tomas Vega , Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez , Giovanni Veronesi , W Monique Verschuren , Roosmarijn Verstraeten , Cesar Victora , Lucie Viet , Eira Viikari-Juntura , Paolo Vineis (140) , Jesus Vioque (179) , Jyrki K Virtanen (180) , Sophie Visvikis-Siest (159) , Bharathi Viswanathan , Tiina Vlasoff , Peter Vollenweider (181) , Sari Voutilainen (84) , Alisha Wade , Aline Wagner (182) , Janette Walton , Wan Mohamad Wan Bebakar , Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud , Rildo Wanderley , Ming-Dong Wang , Qian Wang (183) , Ya Xing Wang , Ying-Wei Wang , S Goya Wannamethee , Nicholas J. Wareham (45) , Niels Wedderkopp , Deepa Weerasekera , Peter H. Whincup (184) , Kurt Widhalm (185) , Indah Widyahening , Andrzej Wiecek (186) , Alet Wijga (187) , Rainford Wilks , Johann Willeit , Peter Willeit (188) , Emmanuel Williams , Tom Wilsgaard , Bogdan Wojtyniak (189) , Roy Wong-Mcclure , Justin Wong , Tien Yin Wong , Jean Woo , Mark Woodward (190) , Aleksander Giwercman Wu , Frederick Wu , Shouling Wu , Haiquan Xu , Weili Yan , Xiaoguang Yang , Xingwang Ye , Panayiotis Yiallouros , Akihiro Yoshihara , Novie Younger-Coleman , Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff , Ahmad Ali Zainuddin , Sabina Zambon , Antonis Zampelas (191) , Tomasz Zdrojewski , Yi Zeng (192) , Dong Zhao (193) , Wenhua Zhao (194) , Wei Zheng (195) , Yingfeng Zheng (196) , Dan Zhu (197) , Baurzhan Zhussupov , Esther Zimmermann (198) , Julio Zuñiga Cisneros

1 CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science - The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology [Shanghai, China]
2 Imperial College London
3 UK - University of Kentucky
4 Middlesex University
5 Cleveland Clinic
6 UPCH - Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
7 Brandeis University
8 Mulago Hospital [Kampala, Ouganda]
9 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health
10 OMS / WHO - Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office
11 Al-Quds University
12 Discipline of Medicine
13 Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán - National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran [Mexico]
14 Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS
15 Centre for Industrial Management
16 RID-AGE - Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies liées au Vieillissement - U 1167
17 Institute of Preventive Medicine
18 School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi
19 Dept. Atherosclerose
20 University of Iceland [Reykjavik]
21 IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering
22 MUL - Medical University of Łódź
23 Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
24 Faculté de Médecine de Tunis
25 Sunder Lal Jain Hospital
26 Ufa Eye Research Institute [Bashkortostan]
27 National Institute of Public Health
28 Department of Epidemiology
29 CHU Toulouse - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse
30 Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine
31 Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research
32 DMS - Department of Medical Sciences [Turin, Italy]
33 ASU - School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy
34 Universidade do Porto = University of Porto
35 University of Oxford
36 Cancer & Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute
37 CIBERESP - Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red especializado en Epidemiología y Salud Pública
38 2nd Department of Internal Medicine
39 Molecular Medicine
40 Department of Public Health
41 MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit [Southampton, UK]
42 Institut Pasteur de Lille
43 EPI - Institute of Epidemiology [Neuherberg]
44 Sahlgrenska University Hospital [Gothenburg]
45 Institute of Metabolic Science
46 INNTA - Institut National de Nutrition et de Technologie Alimentaire
47 University of Huddersfield
48 IMIM-Hospital del Mar
49 Medstar Research Institute
50 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health
51 Medical Research Council
52 Applied Sciences
53 LEASP - Epidémiologie et analyses en santé publique : risques, maladies chroniques et handicaps
54 Infectious diseases division, Department of internal medicine
55 IMU - Innsbruck Medical University = Medizinische Universität Innsbruck
56 Department of Epidemiology [Rotterdam]
57 LEMM - Laboratoire d'Etude des Mammifères Marins
58 Faculté de Médecine Henri Warembourg - Université de Lille
59 Institute of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics
60 Icelandic Heart Association
61 Centro Investig Quim Aplicada, Coahuila, Mexico
62 UNIGE - Université de Genève = University of Geneva
63 Department of Civil Engineering [Hamirpur]
64 Health Services Research Unit
65 Danish Cancer Society
66 LSHTM - London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
67 UCL - University College of London [London]
68 The Georges Institute for International Health
69 School of Information Technology
70 Erasmus MC - Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam]
71 Faculté de Médecine
72 CIBERESP - Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública = Consortium for Biomedical Research of Epidemiology and Public Health
73 VU University Medical Center [Amsterdam]
74 Department of Public Health
75 Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science
76 Åbo Akademi University [Turku]
77 Department of Public Health Sciences
78 Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research
79 Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University
80 Research Center for Prevention and Health
81 University of Ljubljana
82 Division of Cancer Epidemiology
83 University of Crete School of medicine
84 School of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition
85 Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine
86 Research Institute of Child Nutrition Dortmund
87 Cancer Epidemiology Unit
88 Department of Public Health and Primary Care
89 UGENT - Universiteit Gent = Ghent University
90 Department of Oncology
91 WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]
92 Centre for Environmental Health, National Institue of Public Health
93 School of Public Health
94 Tehran University of Medical Sciences
95 INRAN - Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione
96 NUS - National University of Singapore
97 Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences [Tampere]
98 CERV - Centre Européen de Réalité Virtuelle
99 Uppsala Universitet [Uppsala]
100 Department of Public Health and Community Medicine
101 Institute of Earthquake Science, CEA, Beijing
102 University of Porto Medical School
103 Aging Program
104 Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute
105 Institute of Internal Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
106 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
107 Emory University [Atlanta, GA]
108 Départment of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science
109 INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
110 University of Tartu
111 Department of Community
112 Pécsi Tudemányegyetem
113 Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine
114 Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure
115 Nutrition and Metabolism Section
116 Bushehr University of Medical Sciences
117 Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry [Ulm, Allemagne]
118 Department of Epidemiology
119 Heartfile
120 Università degli studi di Palermo - University of Palermo
121 University of Southampton
122 Department of Cardiology and Department of Clinical Epidemiology
123 KCCR - Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine
124 Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University
125 Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit
126 Social Robotics Laboratory, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau
127 Department of Ophthalmology
128 UNIBA - Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro = University of Bari Aldo Moro
129 Department of Cardiology
130 Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care
131 LITEN - Laboratoire d'Innovation pour les Technologies des Energies Nouvelles et les nanomatériaux
132 German Research Center for Environmental Health - Helmholtz Center München (GmbH)
133 King‘s College London
134 Public Health Sciences
135 Movement Disorders and Tourette Centre
136 Genetica medicala
137 Andrology Unit, United Laboratories of Tartu University Clinics
138 Tampere University Hospital
139 Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology
140 Dept of Epidemiology and Public Health
141 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
142 Department of Emergency and Cardiovascular Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy
143 INVS - Institut de Veille Sanitaire
144 Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain
145 Department of Chronic Disease Prevention
146 USP - Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo
147 DKFZ - German Cancer Research Center - Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [Heidelberg]
148 IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement
149 Institute for plasma research
150 Department of Biosciences and Nutrition
151 Department of Reproductive Endocrinology
152 Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics
153 Central Hospital and Faculty of medicine and biomedical sciences university
154 Department of Clinical Sciences
155 School of Computing [Leeds]
156 Institute of Preventive Medicine
157 Neuroépidémiologie
158 Maastricht University [Maastricht]
159 IGE-PCV - Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire
160 Applied Food Science
161 Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology
162 University of Amsterdam, Dept. of Social Medecine
163 Department of Medical Sciences and Uppsala Clinical Research Center
164 Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies
165 Center for Family and Community Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society
166 Department of Cardiovascular Sciences [Leuven]
167 Cancer Epidemiology Institute
168 Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion (MONICA Data Centre)
169 NutriPass - Nutrition et Alimentation des Populations aux Suds
170 Department of Epidemiology
171 Dept of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
172 University of Kuopio
173 Department of Public Health
174 Tampere University
175 University Medical Center [Utrecht]
176 Department of Social Medicine, Amsterdam
177 Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases
178 NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim]
179 UMH - Universidad Miguel Hernández [Elche]
180 Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition [Kuopio, Finland]
181 Department of Internal Medicine
182 FMTS - Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg
183 LCE - Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249)
184 Division of Community Health Sciences
185 Medizinische Universität Wien = Medical University of Vienna
186 SUM - Medical University of Silesia
187 RIVM - National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven]
188 Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck
189 National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene [Poland]
190 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine [Baltimore]
191 Food Science and Technology
192 Beijing Forestry University
193 CAE-NUAA - College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
194 Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
195 Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072
196 Siemens Corporate Research
197 FEMTO-ST - Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174)
198 Institute of Preventive Medicine

BACKGROUND: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. METHODS: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probit-transformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. RESULTS: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the high-income Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. CONCLUSIONS: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association.

Keywords: Hypertension; Population health; Global health; Blood pressure; Non-communicable disease

Domains: Life Sciences [q-bio]; Human health and pathology; Cardiology and cardiovascular system; Santé publique et épidémiologie

Bin Zhou, James Bentham, Mariachiara Di Cesare, Honor Bixby, Kaveh Hajifathalian, et al.. Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: a pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants. International Journal of Epidemiology, 2018, 47 (3), pp.872-883i. ⟨10.1093/ije/dyy016⟩. ⟨hal-02524868⟩